The Federal Emergency Management Agency - 1490 Words

The Rise and Fall of Legitimacy: A Review of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) from 1979 to 2005 Introduction Legitimacy is the lifeblood of an organization. With conflict and competition a clear winner is considered legitimate. Cooperation, however, offers the potential for legitimacy for multiple parties. A legitimate organization has authority based on being representative, accountable, responsible, effectiveness, efficiency, minimal interference from political pressure, and established rules. Rules provide a rational foundation for procedures and operations. Administrative decisions grounded in established rules are the basis of a legal-rational authority and ensure that decisions are not biased or influenced. Weber (1922) and Stillman (1998) identify the application of established, impersonal rules and procedures as an important characteristic of an organization and crucial to a legitimate authority. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has seen a rise and fall regarding its view of legitimacy between the years of 1979 and 2005. FEMA carried a reputation for a lack of legitima cy for nearly two decades. Strong leadership and a new approach led to an increased respect and view of legitimacy by the public. However, this was short-lived. This paper will discuss the significant contributing factor leading to FEMA’s return to a lack of legitimacy in the response to Hurricane Katrina. The Early Years In 1979 The Federal Emergency Management AgencyShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) describes the National Planning Frameworks, which contains preparedness missions for the whole community (individuals, families, businesses, all types of community organizations, non-profit groups, media outlets, academies, and all levels of government including state, local, tribal, territorial, and federal partners, (FEMA 2015), as a way to foster a shared understanding of the roles and responsibilities from the first responders to the Federal governmentRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a body under the United States Department of Homeland Security that was created in 1978 to improve the safety of the American residents, especially during disasters. FEMA has a primary mandate of coordinating the response to any disaster that may occur in the U.S. and that overwhelms both local and state authorities’ resources. FEMA comes in to aid only after the governor of the involved state has declared a state of emergency and has madeRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1403 Words   |  6 Pagesword as â€Å"a condition of instability or danger, as in social, economic, political, or international affairs, leading to a decisive change†. (Dictionary, n.d.). The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has created a chart in which there are several criteria for determining when a situation is qualified as a disaster, only then, may federal aid be available to the communities. According to authors Timothy Sellnow and Matthew Seeger, the criteria allow â€Å"the FEMA to assess the relative magnitude ofRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe Federal Emergency Management Agency is here to help a city rebuild and recover after natural or manmade disasters. When FEMA isn’t enough to help recover from the damage, the city is lost. For a city or country ability to rebuild after a natural disaster depends on the city s strength and the government’s response to the disaster. If a city cannot recover after a natural disaster it is all on the government. A city need a strong stable government in order to thrive. Once disaster hit it’sRead MoreFederal Emergency Management Agency3124 Words   |  12 Pagesyears, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, commonly known as FEMA, has been dedicated to preparing, protecting, responding and serving the American people following major disasters and crisis. Effective on April 1, 1979 under President Jimmy Carter’s administration and funded through federal funding, FEMA has been committed to preparing, protecting, responding and assisting in recovery efforts in the state as well as the local government during crisis and disasters. Similarly to any agency, FEMARead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency2125 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction On April 1, 1979 the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) emerged in the United States. The purpose of this agency was to coordinate the response to all types of crises in America to help alleviate local and state government crisis management. In the case of a major crisis in a state, the governor must declare a state of emergency, and request to the president that the state is in need of assistance from FEMA. In addition to assisting states in crisis management, FEMA also provides trainingRead MoreThe Creation Of Fema And The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthe situations first hand so that the American people were catered to at a quicker response and in a manner that was assessed for safety situations. â€Å"On April 1, 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed the executive order that created the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). From day one, FEMA has remained committed to protecting and serving the American people. That commitmen t to the people we serve and the belief in our survivor centric mission will never change.† This is stated on fema.gov; thisRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1348 Words   |  6 Pagescontext, with great concern, the federal government has placed an ever larger portion of its national focus on promoting a more efficient response to such concern via disaster mitigation and management with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. A historical extension of the federal government for which is principle utilized for disaster aid and response, this agency is as much a direct extension of the current presidential administration as it is a crisis agency for social good. This simple descriptionRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1005 Words   |  5 Pages In 1979 the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was created to offer services the states had not substantially invested in and the consumer market had not offered (Moynihan, 2013). The idea was that on a national level it would be cheaper to establish one higher level agency to develop expertise on how to deal with disasters (Moynihan, 2013). Our national government has the ability to create and enforce common policies which would avoid the confusion of multiple state, local and nationalRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency961 Words   |  4 Pagespreparations that can enable us to minimize the effects of the natural disasters as much as possible when and if they happen. The Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA is primarily charged with ensuring that the Americans are all safe in case of any emergency. This is the basis of all their engagements and departments that exist therein. The range of emergencies that are included in the FEMA field of operation are natural disasters like floods, hurricanes, wild fires, earthquakes and man made

All Daily Reports-Nutrition - 2499 Words

All Daily Reports A variety of reports and information combined into one document. Profile Info Personal: Bob Male 32 yrs Day(s): 2014 Mar 5 Activity Level: Low Active BMI: 26.5 Weight Change: None 5 ft 11 in 190 lb (Strive for an Active activity level.) Normal is 18.5 to 25. Best not to exceed 2 lbs per week. Recommendations The Recommendations Report lists the recommended daily nutrient intake for a person based on the information entered. Often referred to as the DRI (Dietary Reference Intake). Nutrient DRI Goal Notes Basic Components Calories Protein (g) 2,935.53 68.95 Dietary Fiber (g) Fat (g) Saturated Fat (g) Mono Fat (g) Poly Fat (g) Cholesterol (mg) Water (g) 403.63 45% - 65% of†¦show more content†¦8 oz 113.4 40.2 25.6 7.5 Coffee, brewed w/tap water 1 cup 2.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 Sandwich, roast beef, w/white, 1 each 290.0 45.0 18.0 19.0 Lettuce, romaine, fresh, shred 1 oz 4.8 0.8 0.1 0.3 Tomatoes, red, fresh, year round 1 oz 5.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 Sauce, mayo onion, svg (Jack In Lunch Amount FatCal SatFatCal Prot (g) 1 g 6.4 6.4 1.0 0.0 Soda, cola (Coca Cola/Coke) 16 oz 189.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chips, potato, classic, svg (Lays) 1.8 oz 262.5 157.5 15.7 3.5 72.0 Cookies, chocolate chip (Subway 440.0 180.0 7 oz 233.5 42.0 2 each 266.6 50.0 10.6 9.3 Margarine, soft (Land O Lakes) 3 tbsp 300.0 297.0 54.0 0.0 Rice, white, long grain, ckd 1.5 cup 308.1 5.9 1.6 6.4 Corn, yellow, sweet, kernels, 0.5 cup 66.2 8.1 1.3 2.5 Carrots, baby, fresh (Dole) 0.5 cup 26.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 Water, tap (USDA SR-21) Snack 2 each Chicken, breast, fillet, grilled Rolls, dinner, lrg (USDA SR-21) Dinner 4.0 8 oz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fish, tuna, light, w/water, 3 oz 98.7 6.3 1.8 21.7 Crackers, butter, original (NA 6 each 94.5 40.1 9.4 1.4 Cheese, cheddar, slice (USDA 1 oz 114.2 84.5 53.8 7.1 Frozen Yogurt, vanilla, soft serve 0.5 cup 117.4 36.3 22.1 2.9 Drink,Show MoreRelatedNutrition and Physical Activity Essay673 Words   |  3 Pagesindividuals. Historically, individuals lived healthy lives, which was evident in the manner in which they ate and the daily labor brought about by a different era of time and living. Within society today, nutrition and physical activity are not of the same importance as historically it was to so many individuals. The research question of appeal is does physical activity and nutrition play a key component in maintaining a healthy lifestyle? The independent variable, is the amount of healthy nutrientsRead MoreFood Labeling : Revision Of The Nutrition And Diet Facts Labels887 Words   |  4 PagesThis memo will summarize the rule â€Å"Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels†, which was proposed by the Food and Drug Administration. The memo will be broken down into three different paragraphs. The first major point of the memo will be about main changes of the rule and why the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is modifying it. The second point will be about organizations and industries that are affected by this rule. The third point will be a discussion about affectedRead MoreBiology 1322 Lay Literature Article Essay736 Words   |  3 Pages November/December 2005 . (Name of Publication) NOTE: Attach a copy of the article to this report. Answer the following questions: 1. What sort of language does the writer use? Do the words imply sensationalism or conclusive findings? Phrases such as â€Å"startling revelation† or â€Å"now we know† or â€Å"the study proved† are clues to whether the report is a sensational one. Does the author take a tentative approach, using words such as may, might, or could? What do theseRead MoreNutrition Is The Basic Process Of Providing The Human Body With The Necessary Food For Health And Growth1611 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Nutrition is the basic process of providing the human body with the necessary food for health and growth. While this might seem to be a simple concept, nutrition is exceedingly complex and affects many areas of an individual’s life. One of these areas is exercise. Diet is considered one of the most influential components in improving athletic performance. Optimal nutrition can enhance (a) physical activity, (b) athletic performance and (c) recovery from exercise (Manroe, M.M., BarrRead MoreExecutive Report : Nestle Case Study1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe below is the case study report of Nestle company. In order to present this report, the above table of contents will be followed one after the other starting with the introduction to Nestle. 1.Introduction to Nestle. Nestle is the biggest food and beverage company established in 1866 by Mr Henri Nestle. It has its headquarters in Vevy, Switzerland but operates in Europe, America, Asia and Africa with 281,000 employees. Nestle is known for its milk based products, Ice cream, prepared dishesRead MoreFood Intake 3 Days Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesFood Intake - 3 Days According to the World Health Organization, â€Å"Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs. Good nutrition – an adequate, well balanced diet combined with regular physical activity – is a cornerstone of good health. Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity, increased susceptibility to disease, impaired physical and mental development, and reduced productivity. (World Health Organization, 2012) † Nothing is more important than followingRead MoreFood Intake Week 2 Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines nutrition as the sum of processes involved with the consumption of food. The human body depends on nutrients from carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, and fiber to function. Nutrition, exercise, and an appropriate diet work cohesively to maintain that the body is working productively and at full capacity. This week’s assignment required the recording of daily food intakes for a span of three days. Data from each meal was inputted into the IProfile food journal program, and reports were evaluatedRead MoreRecommendation Report On Children With Diabetes1719 Words   |  7 PagesThis is a recommendation report on children with diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases of any childhood. In today’s society there are children fighting this disease in their everyday life’s and as society, we do have control to decrease this disease with the right knowledge. Parents, school, communities and the health care systems must work together to provide information to direct them to what this disease is and why it’s occurring in more in children’s life in an everydayRead MoreEating Is Fun And Educational865 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding your nutrition intake. While doing the Diet Analysis, I was able to interpret and inspect my diet to see where and what I was lacking. I was able to examine the different foods I was eating, its nutrients I was consuming, and the lack of physical movement I was participating in over a period of six days. Vitamins and minerals play an important part in our daily nutrition intake. In order for the body to function normally, a certain amount of vitamins and minerals are required. Out of all of myRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children920 Words   |  4 Pages(DeMartini, Beck, Kahn Klein, 2013, p. 1182). There are many federal programs that aid when poor socioeconomic situations exist, although they do not meet all the needs that exist. SNAP programs, USDA Commodities, Food Rescue programs, Mobile Pantry Program, Kids Cafà ©, Backpack Program, Community Gardens and Plant-A-Row for the Hungry Program are all of initiatives that Norfolk Virginia is incorporating to combat childhood obesity and provide fresh and nutritious food items to families (â€Å"Food Programs

Han China and the Roman Empire Comparison Essay Free Essays

Han China and the Roman Empire Comparison Essay Whereas Han China (202 BCE- 220 CE) and the Roman Empire (~800BCE- 476 CE) were thousands of miles away from each other, they had many similarities and differences. Some of the similarities include peasant rebellions, while the differences are such as woman’s rights and their views on manual labor. Peasant rebellions were very important to the societies of Rome and China. We will write a custom essay sample on Han China and the Roman Empire Comparison Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dynasty of Han China itself was formed by a peasant rebellion lead by Wu Ti. Their counterparts in Rome suffered through periods of slave revolts. These shaped these societies dramatically. One of the many differences of these two empires was woman’s rights. While Han China was a highly patriarchal and believed woman were the â€Å"lowest of the low† on the social scale, Rome saw woman still as lesser being, but still had some importance. I believe this is because Rome, unlike China, had more than one god, including goddesses. These woman of a higher power influenced Rome in a way as to see women in a new way, not as scum. Thus making these two cultures different. Another important difference between Han China and the Roman Empire, were their views on manual labor. In Han China, Confucianism supported the manual labor of farmers and other peasants. Meanwhile in Rome, their idea was that manual labor just took away from the slaves. Even with their differences, both Rome and Han China laid the foundation for major religions like Christianity, Daoism, and Confucianism. Those religions are still ruling the world today. They also created lasting legacies that we consider today as Classical Civilizations. How to cite Han China and the Roman Empire Comparison Essay, Essays

American Journal Of Research Communication -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The American Journal Of Research Communication? Answer: Introduction Leadership is one of the key skills that are needed in this modern work environment in order to successfully run a business in the market. Leadership requires a wide variety of skills that include management, planning, and resource mobilizing and effectively communicating with the entire workforce (Clinton 2017). Improving on the skill set of the self and understanding the weaknesses and strengths of the self is essential in order to transform into a successful leader. One must abide by the organizational goals and work towards them in order to be a good leader because the primary task of the leader remains in bringing benefits to the organization by proper utilization of the workforce that is under them (Goleman 2017). The key areas of interest for me are the identifying the required type of leadership that is required for the organization and maintaining proper communication with the workforce so that the workplace environment is friendly and motivating. Biases and assumptions Previously I was a person who was very apprehensive in communicating with people. The attitude of mine held me from interacting with more people and I believed that if I keep working hard then the entire team would get motivated and work harder. However, this assumption was wrong because being a leader it is always necessary to empower the workforce and motivate them and in order to do that it is necessary to communicate with the entire team. The necessity of team bonding is huge and it can be possible if the leader effectively creates a positive work environment. I am a person who sticks to certain rules while working and personally dislike any shifting from those set of rules. However, this approach towards leadership leads to many problems and is in complete contrast to the situational approach to leadership. A leader has to be adaptive to the changes that arise in respect to the workplace and work according to that (McCleskey 2014). If an individual, plans to stick to prejudices and assumptions then it will be hard to run an organization or a team successfully. Current Practices The employees are motivated in order to gain the maximum output from them and the program of reward and recognition has allowed a healthy competition in the workplace (Elnaga and Imran 2014). Employees work in tandem with the organizational goals and in the process they work harder to get the rewards for good performances. The situational approach has been adapted in order to work with the changing demands of the market and this has enabled the organization in gaining better results as work practices are not backdated and evolving with time and requirement. Areas for self development The communicating skills are to be developed on my part so that I can interact with the members of the team more effectively. Better communication will lead to the increase in the unity of the workforce and they will share their concerns and issues freely with me. I need to work. My leadership skills should not fail with a change in the environment as the founders of contingency model have pointed out in their findings. I should be able to adapt changes and make sure that the perfect analysis of the situation is done by me and I work according to the requirements of the place. Reference Clinton, J.R., 2017.The making of a leader: Recognizing the lessons and stages of leadership development. Two Words Publishing, LLC. Elnaga, A.A. and Imran, A., 2014. The impact of employee empowerment on job satisfaction theoretical study.American Journal of Research Communication,2(1), pp.13-26. Goleman, D., 2017.Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117.

The Japanese Cult of Cuteness Turning from National into International

Japan has always been a bit mysterious country, with its unique traditions and customs that you will see nowhere else in the world. Samurai, kamikaze, geisha, hara-kiri – when one hears these words, what idea will come to one’s mind first?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Japanese Cult of Cuteness: Turning from National into International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cult of cuteness is not that ancient phenomenon as samurai or kamikaze. Yet, since the 1980s and till the present days, it is directly associated with Japan and the Japanese culture. What is more, the cult of cuteness at some point stopped to be a typical Japanese phenomenon, crossed the borders of the country, and started its journey all over the world. How did the cult start, become so popular, and reach the United States? I will try to answer these questions in my essay. When and how did Kawaii style begin? Kawaii style or cute style emerged and became dominated in Japan in the 1980s. It can be characterized as childish, simple, innocent, weak social behavior and appearance (Kinsella 220). Manifestations of cute style could be seen not only in the way people dressed or what accessories they used. It became a kind of epidemic, which penetrated in almost all spheres of life. Cuteness â€Å"conquered† the Japanese handwriting style, cute goods, clothes, and even food became prevalent. Cute pop idols and singers like Matsuda Seiko meant the same as Sid Vicious to punks (Kinsella 235). Even such fields as advertising and marketing did not escape cute style. By the way, in the Japanese marketing cuteness is still used very successfully, and you can see numerous ads and commercials that sell goods and services in a â€Å"cute way† (Riessland 130). Why is cute style so popular? The secret of cute style popularity is rather easy to explain. One of the main reasons is its close relation to childh ood. In the interview, three high school Japanese girls were asked what they associate kawaii with. The answers were – sweetness, dependence, and gentleness (Allison 40). Indeed, is not it great to feel like a child a little all the time, feel this comfort, and warmth? If you think that only ladies might think this way, you are not right. Both males and females are obsessed with cute style.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, I should say that with time cuteness in Japan has undergone some changes. First, among people, attitudes to cute style changed. In the 1990s, there were anti-cute elements who either were intellectuals or simply considered cuties to be stupid and weak (Kinsella 246). How did cute style reach the United States? Everything started with Pokemon that once penetrated on the American market, was incredibly successful, and till the present days means more for so me American children than Mickey Mouse. It seems that kids are attracted to Pokemon and other Japanese toys not only because of their big eyes, small noses, bright colors, and small bodies. They have some special relations with these characters (Allison 43). Japanese cute toys have almost nothing to do with real life, unlike many American toys and fairy tale characters. What does it all mean for Japan? It is obvious that Japan benefits from kawaii style not only from the economic point of view selling its cute goods to the Unites States and many other countries around the world. What should be considered in the first place is Japanese culture, which is spread by means of kawaii. No matter what one may think about the Japanese cult of cuteness, it is one more proof of the Japanese uniqueness. Bibliography Allison, Anne. Pikachus Global Adventure. Ed. Joseph Tobin. Durham-London: Duke University Press, 2004. Kinsella, Sharon. Women, Media and Consumption in Japan. Ed. Lise Skov and Br ian Moeran, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1995. Riessland, Andreas. Japanstudien: Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts fur Japanstudien der Philipp Franz von Siebold Stiftung, 1997. This essay on The Japanese Cult of Cuteness: Turning from National into International was written and submitted by user Bryant T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

African Americans In The South essays

African Americans In The South essays As a social and economic institution, slavery originated in the times when humans began farming instead of hunting and gathering. Slave labor became commonplace in ancient Greece and Rome. Slaves were created through the capture of enemies, the birth of children to slave parents, and means of punishment. Enslaved Africans represented many different peoples, each with distinct cultures, religions, and languages. Most originated from the coast or the interior of West Africa, between present-day Senegal and Angola. Other enslaved peoples originally came from Madagascar and Tanzania in East Africa. Slavery became of major economic importance after the sixteenth century with the European conquest of South and Central America. These slaves had a great impact on the sugar and tobacco industries. A triangular trade route was established with Europe for alcohol and firearms in exchange for slaves. The slaves were then traded with Americans for molasses and (later) cotton. In 1619 the first black slave arrived in Virginia. The demands of European consumers for New World crops and goods helped fuel the slave trade. A strong family and community life helped sustain African Americans in slavery. People often chose their own partners, lived under the same roof, raised children together, and protected each other. Brutal treatment at the hands of slaveholders, however, threatened black family life. Enslaved women experienced sexual exploitation at the hands of slaveholders and overseers. Bondspeople lived with the constant fear of being sold away from their loved ones, with no chance of reunion. Historians estimate that most bondspeople were sold at least once in their lives. No event was more traumatic in the lives of enslaved individuals than that of forcible separation from their families. People sometimes fled when they heard of an impending sale. During the 17th and 18th century enslaved African Americans in the Upper ...

Causes of Tropical Deforestation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Causes of Tropical Deforestation - Essay Example From the  Ã‚   factors  Ã‚   above, small-holder agriculture comprises 35 – 40%, thus, holding the biggest share. Cattle pasture comes  Ã‚   next while large-scale agriculture cops the fourth spot. It is obvious   that   agricultural activities vastly contribute to deforestation.  Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (   2000 – 2005)   Cattle  Ã‚   ranching  Ã‚   is  Ã‚   the top cause of deforestation. Small-scale agriculture is followed by large-scale agriculture. Logging along  Ã‚   with other causes round up the list with 1 – 3%.   Although logging results in degradation rather than deforestation, it is often followed by clearing for agriculture.   The 1980s saw 80% of deforested land ultimately converted for extensive agriculture which was lessened by 20% by the 90s. The decrease in the figures could account for less space that can be used for agricultural purposes since companies could have taken over the operations of large-sca le agriculture. It is also a probability that when world price of beef increased, the demand   lessened; thus, volume of cattle grazing on lands decreased that resulted to slower deforestation .Tropical Deforestation by Region, 1990 – 2000, & 2000 – 2005   South America lost the most number of hectares to deforestation. From   1990 – 2000, the region has lost more than 3,500 hectares per year. Deforestation  Ã‚   slowed down between  Ã‚   2000 – 2005. This meant that population has grown and urbanization has sped the deforestation. Africa suffers the second worst with 3,600 hectares of land lost to deforestation per year in the period 1990 – 2000.

Physiology Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physiology Presentation - Essay Example Chyme travels to small intestine, where the pH is alkaline to activate enzymes for breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, liver secretes bile for the emulsification of fat, while pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon for controlling blood sugar level converting from chyme to chyle. Numerous microvilli of the small intestine, lined by blood vessels absorbs the food as now it is in simpler forms namely monosaccharide, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerols. The refuse moves to large intestine (water absorption takes place) for expulsion. Respiration is done through nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchia, bronchioles and alveoli. It encompasses exchange of oxygen and carbon-di-oxide in lungs converting the deoxygenated blood collected by veins to oxygenated blood to be circulated back to body tissues through arteries. The exchange of gases mainly takes place in alveoli and in capillaries of numerous tissues. Blood vascular system plays an imperative role in transporting food as well a s oxygen to all the body parts and eliminating carbon-di-oxide from each tissue.

Enforcement of entertainment laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Enforcement of entertainment laws - Essay Example Compensation Agents earn a compensation for their services at between 5% and 15% of the artist gross earnings from bookings, engagement, or employment secured by the agent. The commission given to the agent may vary depending on the type of work, length of time, popularity of the artist, and state laws. Some state laws stipulate that agents and talent agencies must obtain licences before obtaining commissions, and may be charge a particular maximum amount. Before agents represent an artist, they have to sign contracts (Ronald, 2008). According to Harrison, (2007), attorneys usually assist the artists in handling any contractual negotiations on their behalf, to be certain that the terms of an agreement such as fees and duration are favourable to the artist. Talent agents can sometimes act as managers with no licence and experience, and may negotiate contracts such as recording, publishing, or merchandising contracts for the artist, is like practising law without a licence which can je opardize the artist’s career. Contracts in the music entertainment industry can involve extremely complex legal issues such as a variety of rights, and usually have long term effects on the artist’s career. Conflict of interest may arise where an agent is being paid commission on the artist’s contract. This may make the agents focus on the advance money, at the expense of what they may assume as many details concerning the artist’s royalty calculations, publishing, creative control, production, merchandising, and other long term career issues of the artist. 2.3 Enforcement of entertainment laws State laws, such as California and New York require talent agents to obtain a licence as a form of the artist... This "Music Industry Management (Entertainment Law: Portfolio)" essay outlines the main components of entertainment law. The participation of lawyers in the media has made the media law develop much faster thereby leading to the development of entertainm ent law. Entertainment law refers to a combination of various traditional laws that focus on the provision of legal services to the players in the entertainment industry. The entertainment law combines various slaws such as company law, contract law, and sales of goods law. It is also noteworthy that, artist just setting in business, or fully established in the entertainment industry should consider having an entertainment lawyer in addition to having proper knowledge of their rights as an artist. The entertainment law firms all have different practices as most of the entertainment lawyers have varying areas of specialisation. It is therefore the onus of the artist to identify their needs be it litigation need (litigation attorneys) and or transactional needs (for the transactional attorneys). While the litigation attorney only specialise in defensive and offensive legal action, the transactional attorney s are responsible for facilitating entertainment deals, negotiations, strategi c initiatives as wells as other contractual issues. It is also advisable for artist to running contracts with entertainment law firms in order to enjoy complete legal coverage and legal representation. This should happen before and after legal issues arise because one entertainment lawyer may not provide the perfect coverage.

Types Of Data Compression Computer Science Essay

Types Of Data Compression Computer Science Essay Data compression has come of age in the last 20 years. Both the quantity and the quality of the body of literature in this field provide ample proof of this. There are many known methods for data compression. They are based on different ideas, are suitable for different types of data, and produce different results, but they are all based on the same principle, namely they compress data by removing redundancies from the original data in the source file. This report discusses the different types of data compression, the advantages of data compression and the procedures of data compression. 2.0 DATA COMPRESSION Data compression is important in this age because of the amount of data that is transferred within a certain network. It makes the transfer of data relatively easy [1]. This section explains and compares lossy and lossless compression techniques. 2.1 LOSSLESS DATA COMPRESSION Lossless data compression makes use of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. This can be contrasted to lossy data compression, which does not allow the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. Lossless data compression is used in many applications [2]. Lossless compression is used when it is vital that the original and the decompressed data be identical, or when no assumption can be made on whether certain deviation is uncritical. Most lossless compression programs implements two kinds of algorithms: one which generates a statistical model for the input data, and another which maps the input data to bit strings using this model in such a way that probable (e.g. frequently encountered) data will produce shorter output than improbable data. Often, only the former algorithm is named, while the second is implied (through common use, standardization etc.) or unspecified [3]. 2.2 LOSSY DATA COMPRESSION A lossy data compression technique is one where compressing data and its decompression retrieves data that may will be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way. There are two basic lossy compression schemes: First is lossy transform codecs, where samples of picture or sound are taken, chopped into small segments, transformed into a new basis space, and quantized. The resulting quantized values are then entropy coded [4]. Second is lossy predictive codecs, where previous and/or subsequent decoded data is used to predict the current sound sample or image frame. In some systems the two methods are used, with transform codecs being used to compress the error signals generated by the predictive stage. The advantage of lossy methods over lossless methods is that in some cases a lossy method can produce a much smaller compressed file than any known lossless method, while still meeting the requirements of the application [4]. Lossless compression schemes are reversible in-order for the original data can be reconstructed, while lossy schemes accept some loss of data in order to achieve higher compression. In practice, lossy data compression will also come to a point where compressing again does not work, although an extremely lossy algorithm, which for example always removes the last byte of a file, will always compress a file up to the point where it is empty [5]. 2.3 LOSSLESS vs. LOSSY DATA COMPRESSION Lossless and lossy data compressions are two methods which are use to compressed data. Each technique has its individual used. A compression between the two techniques can be summarised as follow [4-5]: Lossless technique keeps the source as it is during compression while a change of the original source is expected in lossy technique but very close to the origin. Lossless technique is reversible process which means that the original data can be reconstructed. However, the lossy technique is irreversible due to the lost of some data during extraction. Lossless technique produces larger compressed file compared with lossy technique. Lossy technique is mostly used for images and sound. 3.0 DATA COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES Data compression is known as storing data in a way which requires fewer spaces than the typical. Generally, it is saving of space by the reduction in data size [6]. This section explains Huffman coding and Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression techniques. 3.1 HUFFMAN CODING Huffman coding is an entropy encoding method used for lossless data compression. The term means the use of a variable-length code table for encoding a source symbol (such as a character in a file) where the variable-length code table has been derived in a particular way based on the estimated probability of occurrence for each possible value of the source symbol. It was developed by David A. Huffman while he was a Ph.D. student at MIT, and published in the 1952 paper A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes [4]. Huffman coding implements a special method for choosing the representation for each symbol, resulting in a prefix code (sometimes called prefix-free codes, that is, the bit string representing some particular symbol is never a prefix of the bit string representing any other symbol) that expresses the most common source symbols using shorter strings of bits than are used for less common source symbols [5]. The technique works by creating a binary tree of nodes. These can be stored in a regular array, the size of which depends on the number of symbols, n. A node can be either a leaf node or an internal node. Initially, all nodes are leaf nodes, which contain the symbol itself, the weight (frequency of appearance) of the symbol and optionally, a link to a parent node which makes it easy to read the code (in reverse) starting from a leaf node. Internal nodes contain symbol weight, links to two child nodes and the optional link to a parent node. The process practically starts with the leaf nodes containing the probabilities of the symbol they represent, and then a new node whose children are the 2 nodes with smallest probability is created, such that the new nodes probability is equal to the sum of the childrens probability. With the 2 nodes combined into one node (thus not considering them anymore), and with the new node being now considered, the procedure is repeated until only one node remains, the Huffman tree [4]. The simplest construction algorithm is one where a priority queues where the node with lowest probability is given highest priority [5]: 1. Create a leaf node for each symbol and add it to the priority queue. 2. While there is more than one node in the queue: Remove the two nodes of highest priority (lowest probability) from the queue. Create a new internal node with these two nodes as children and with probability equal to the sum of the two nodes probabilities. Add the new node to the queue. 3. The remaining node is the root node and the tree is complete [7]. Figure (1). 3.2 LEMPEL-ZIV-WELCH (LVW) COMPRESSION Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) is a data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch. It was published by Welch in 1984 as a development of the LZ78 algorithm published by Lempel and Ziv in 1978. The algorithm is designed to be fast to implement but is not usually optimal because it performs only limited analysis of the data. LZW can also be called a  substitutional  or  dictionary-based encoding algorithm. The algorithm normally builds a  data dictionary  (also called a  translation table  or  string table) of data occurring in an uncompressed data stream. Patterns of data (substrings) are identified in the data stream and are matched to entries in the dictionary. If the substring is not present in the dictionary, a code phrase is created based on the data content of the substring, and it is stored in the dictionary. The phrase is then written to the compressed output stream [8]. When a reoccurrence of a substring is found in the data, the phrase of the substring already stored in the dictionary is written to the output. Because the phrase value has a physical size that is smaller than the substring it represents, data compression is achieved. Decoding LZW data is the reverse of encoding. The decompressor reads the code from the stream and adds the code to the data dictionary if it is not already there. The code is then translated into the string it represents and is written to the uncompressed output stream [8]. LZW goes beyond most dictionary-based compressors because it is not necessary to keep the dictionary to decode the LZW data stream. This can save quite a bit of space when storing the LZW-encoded data [9]. TIFF, among other file formats, applies the same method for graphic files. In TIFF, the pixel data is packed into bytes before being presented to LZW, so an LZW source byte might be a pixel value, part of a pixel value, or several pixel values, depending on the images bit depth and number of colour channels. GIF requires each LZW input symbol to be a pixel value. Because GIF allows 1- to 8-bit deep images, there are between 2 and 256 LZW input symbols in GIF, and the LZW dictionary is initialized accordingly. It is not important how the pixels might have been packed into storage; LZW will deal with them as a sequence of symbols [9]. The TIFF approach does not work very well for odd-size pixels, because packing the pixels into bytes creates byte sequences that do not match the original pixel sequences, and any patterns in the pixels are obscured. If pixel boundaries and byte boundaries agree (e.g., two 4-bit pixels per byte, or one 16-bit pixel every two bytes), then TIFFs method works well [10]. The GIF approach works better for odd-size bit depths, but it is difficult to extend it to more than eight bits per pixel because the LZW dictionary must become very large to achieve useful compression on large input alphabets. If variable-width codes were implemented, the encoder and decoder must be careful to change the width at the same points in the encoded data, or they will disagree about where the boundaries between individual codes fall in the stream [11]. 4.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, because of the fact that one cant hope to compress everything, all compression algorithms must assume that there is some bias on the input messages so that some inputs are more likely than others, i.e. that there will always be some unbalanced probability distribution over the possible messages. Most compression algorithms base this bias on the structure of the messages i.e., an assumption that repeated characters are more likely than random characters, or that large white patches occur in typical images. Compression is therefore all about probability.

Origins of Slaves :: American America History

Origins of Slaves Treating humans as property led to unspeakable cruelties. Discuss in detail the origins and use of slaves in the Americas. "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Thomas Jefferson). In my opinion the only problem with this passage from the Declaration of Independence is that it does not say, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men including their race, creed, religion, or color are created equal, that they...." Thomas Jefferson's words were hypocritical. Not all men were created equal and these men were slaves. Slavery has existed throughout the United States at the time and by 1760 there were about 325,800 African slaves in North America. This was the most inhumane treatment any man could endure. The following essay shall discuss the state of slavery in North America and its economic and social consequences. Slavery in America started when the New World was first discovered. It started off when the first colonists came to the Americas and in order to survive they needed to farm the land and grow crops. Since they were not accustomed for the hot sun and were too lazy for hard labor. In order to survive they needed a large labor force to farm the lands. They tried to capture the native Indians and failed, for many reasons one of them was from smallpox, and from various diseases, which killed them. Another reason that the Europeans could not capture them was because they had been in America all their lives and they were a majority. Therefore the Europeans set out to seize African slaves. Africans were the perfect choice of slaves to farm in colonial America, because slavery had already existed in Africa. Plus Africans could endure the heat of the raging sun, since Africa and America's weather were similar. Also both African and European colonist's bodies could resist many diseases, unlike native Indians. Africans were shipped from Africa by the Europeans in what was called the Triangular Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. This was an organized route where Europeans would travel to Africa bringing manufactured goods, capture Africans and take them to America. Eventually they would take the crops and goods and bring them back to Europe. However the Europeans had no humanity what so ever.